History and current tendencies of communitarian and national agricultural politics with particular reference to the svantaggiate zones

1. THE EUROPEAN COMUNITË

• 1.1 History
• 1.2 Obiettiviè
• 1.3 The European Union
• 1.4 Communitarian Organisms
• 1.5 Legal transactions

2. ECONOMIC AND MONETARY UNION (UEM)

• 2.1 The stages towards the Economic and Monetary Union

3. COMMON AGRARIAN POLITICS

• 3.1 Some important dates of the Pac
• 3.2 The reform of Common Agrarian Politics
• 3.3 Origins of politics in favor of the svantaggiate mountain zones and
• 3.4 The reform of the Structural Bottoms
• 3.5 Conclusions
• 3.6 Integrated Programs Mediterranean
• 3.7 Future perspectives for the svantaggiate areas

4. AREAS SVANTAGGIATE: ITALIAN LEGISLATION

THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY

History

Begun European integration é to the end of II the World war. The States Charter members of the Comunitè have in the first place re-united the heavy industries, later on have been engaged in order to create an only market in the within of which persons, assets, services and capitals would have circulated liberations.

It has been be a matter of a gradual process lasted a group of forty of years, that it has invested is the political and social aspects that those commercial economic and.

The European Comunitè takes origin from the company of the treaty that institutes the European Comunitè of the coal and the steel (CZECH), siglato to 18 Paris April 1951 (" Dealt of Paris "). Some 25 late " devout years March 1957 with " the Treaty of Rome " comes instituted European Economic Comunitè (the EEC) and the European Comunitè for Nuclear energy (EURATOM). These treatys represent " the European " Constitution. The six founding states of this Comunitè were: Low France, Italy, Belgium, Lussemburgo, Countries and federal Republic of Germany.

1¡ January 1973 they join the Community also Great Britain, Denmark and Ireland. Greece becomes member of the EEC 1¡ January 1981 and Spain and the Portugal to decorrere from 1¡ January 1986. In 1990 the Länder of eè the German Democratic Republic and 1¡ January entered 1995 Austria, Finland and Sweden.

In the European Union therefore 370 are currently re-united million inhabitants, shared in fifteen States.

Objectives

The ispiratori principles and the objectives indicated in the Treaty of Rome, regard:

to) the abolition between the States members of the customs duties and the restrictions to the entrance and the escape of the goodses;

b) the institution of a common customs duty and one only business policy in the comparisons of the external States to the Comunitè

c) the elimination between the States members of the obstacles to the free circulation of the persons of the services and the capitals;

d) the foundation of one political common in the field of agriculture;

and) the foundation of one political common in the field of the transports;

f) the creation of a meant regimen to guarantee that the competition is not falsata in the common market;

g) the application of procedures that allow to coordinate the economic political of the States members and to obviate to the imbalances in their balances of payments;

h) the riavvicinamento of the national legislations in the necessary measure to the operation of the common market;

i) the creation of a European Social Fund in order to widen the possibilitè of occupation of the workers and to contribute to the improvement of their standard of living;

j) the institution of one European Investment Bank, destined to facilitate the economic expansion of the Comunitè by means of the creation of new resources;

k) the association of the countries and territories overseas, understanding to increase the exchanges and to continue in the effort of economic and social development.

The European Union

The successive stages of the history of the Comunitè are represented in 1986 from stipulate of the only Action European, than complete the previous treatys and concur the realization of a great market without inner frontiers and from the treaty of Maastricht, signed 7 February 1992.

It previews:

• the new denomination of European Union, that it replaces that one of European Comunitè, from the moment that this dovrè to evolvere towards a political, economic and monetary union (UEM);
• one common European currency to devout " the late ones in 1999;
• European civil rights (citizenship of the Union);
• new competences for the European Union: promotion of the defense of the consumers to communitarian level; politics in the field of the health, politics of the approvals; creation of great networks of the transports, the communications and the energy (transeuropee networks); fixation of the treaty of the collaboration for the development; industrial politics; professional formation; culture; promotion of the defense of the atmosphere, research and development nonchè of social politics (without Great Britain); collaboration in political matter of inner and the justice also through the institution of an European central nucleus of criminal police;
• devout " powers for the European Parliament: participation to the legislative process; straight of preventive approval of the nomination of the Commission; straight of it ratifies for all the important international treatys;
• introduction of one political foreign and common emergency;
• economic and social cohesion between the poor regions and those rich ones of the Union.

In the perspective of the next widenings the States Members have agreed of riesaminare in a intergovernativa Conference, to leave from 1996, the norms that regulate the operation of the Union so as to consentirne one effective development also with a greater number of members.

Communitarian Organisms

The figures indicate the number of the members that compose every communitarian organ.

Legal transactions

The Council and the Commission emanate regulations, directives and decisions, express recommendations or give opinions.

The legal transactions come published in " the Official Gazette of the Comunitè European ".

The communitarian norm (regulations and directives) comes decided from the Council of Ministers, on proposal of the Commission and opinion of the European Parliament.

Footnotes

1. main participations are grouped in great bottoms: the Agricultural European Bottom of guideline and guarantee (FEAOG), European Social Fund (FSE), the European Fund for Regional Development (FESR), the Instrument financial of guideline of peach (SFOP) and the Bottom of Cohesion.

2. community budget À fed from the own resources of the Comunitè: customs duties and withdrawals of money on the common tax basis to the Vat collected in the countries members.

ECONOMIC AND MONETARY UNION (UEM)

The only currency would have to sostituirsi to the several national coins within 1999 and would have to help the citizen to strengthen just the sense of belongings to one new entitè.

The stages towards the Economic and Monetary Union

The SME is based on three main elements:

The Ecu

Draft of the European monetary unit, the Ecu (European Currency Unit) is defined like to basket that contains amount of coins of the various communitarian countries (except those of last the three supporters of 1995), established in base to their respective economic weight. Until this momen *** TRANSLATION ENDS HERE *** to the Ecu is st

ato only used to nominal level in the international trattazioni; one of the objectives of the new European Union is that one of renderlo the common currency within the end of the century.

The participation and change mechanisms

Every currency has a parit is central regarding the Ecu (bilateral).

Until August 1993 they were concurred regarding the parit is bilateral margins of fluctuation of the 2.25% (or exceptionally until 6%).

Subsequently, these margins have been increased until (15% to continuation of the strong perturbations taken part on the foreign exchange markets.

Not hardly an exchange rate between two coins catches up the threshold of (15% the central banks is held to take part in limitless measure in order to prevent the overcoming of such threshold.

However, the SME has not caught up still all the its potential one: various States Members have not joined to the change mechanism or they participate to you on the base of wide devout margins of " fluctuation.

Even if the Ecu has only carried out a role limited in the mechanisms of the SME, on the market it has acquired one strongly popolarit is.

The treaty of Maastricht

The signed treaty to Maastricht 7 February 1992 has rendered the way irreversible towards the only currency.

The second phase of the UEM is begun 1 ¡ January 1994; it still constitutes a transitory period, in the course of which they will have to be continued and to be increased the efforts. E' be created to Frankfurt European monetary Institute (IME), whose tasks are: the strengthening of the coordination of the monetary political, the promotion of the role of the Ecu and the preparation of the takeover of the European Central bank.

The third phase avr is beginning not before 1 ¡ January 1997 and not beyond 1 ¡ January 1999.

In effects, this year, the Ministers of finances of the Fifteen stabiliranno, which between the States Members satisfy the conditions in order to pass to the only currency. If such States will be at least eight, the European Council potr is to decide their passage to the third phase. If the decision does not come adopted, this passage avverr is automatically 1 ¡ January 1999 for the Countries that independently satisfy the criteria established from the Treaty, from their number.

The launch of the third phase vedr is the irrevocable fixation of the parit is between the coins participants and the institution of the European Central bank. In fact in an economic and monetary union the coins of the States members come definitively tied between they in one same relationship of change. Not there are devout " revaluations and devaluations. The citizens and the enterprises, thanks to this emergency, can better take advantage of the advantages of the great home market.

The Bank sar is independent the Governments and to manage is the monetary policy of with of the States that will have exceeded the threshold of the third phase. The States that will still not make part of this group uniranno to it not hardly their economic result will concur it.

United Kingdom reserves the right to the third phase even if soddisfer it is the fixed criteria. Denmark, as a result of a referendum, has declared that it does not mean to participate.

The criteria of the passage to the third phase are cos ³ fixed:

• stabilit it is of the prices: the inflation rate pu is not to exceed low of " devout of 1,5% the average of the three States with the inflation rate " devout;
• interest rates: the interest rates in the long term will not be able to vary devout " of 2% regarding the average of the three States with the low devout interest rates ";
• deficit: the national deficits budgetary must less be near or inferior to 3% of the gnp than they are not being approached such value of reference with adequate rhythm or vice versa the event is exceptional;
• debit: the public debit pu is not to exceed 60% of the gnp, less than it is not being approached such value of reference with adequate rhythm;
• stabilit it is of the course: a local currency pu is not being be devaluated in the course of the previous biennium and dev' to be remained in the margin of fluctuation of previewed 2,25% from the SME.

The perspective of the only currency within the end of the century constitutes a fundamental ambition for the European Union. The way towards this objective avverr it is not however without jolt and to demand is the maintenance of a firm one volont is political from part of the States that you have been engaged.

COMMON AGRARIAN POLITICS

The common agrarian politics (PAC), whose first steps take the way in 1958 I found on three fundamental principles:

• the unit it is of the market (an only agricultural market to the inside of which the products of agriculture can circular liberations);
• the communitarian preference (preference to the obtained agricultural products to the inside of the Comunit is);
• solidariet communitarian financing of common agrarian Politics is financial institution ()

These three principles are closely legacies between they. One pu is not reasonably to exist without the others.

In the course of the years, to the aim to create an only market of the products of agriculture, unification of the prices was one. In order to avoid that the agriculturists of some country were forced to accept reductions, the price established for every product was generally the price of the country where the product was devout " expensive.

There is had like consequence acuirsi of the difference between the communitarian prices of the world-wide market and prices, than moreover they were gi is devout " high for the greater part of the products.

As far as the respect of the principle of the communitarian preference, the communitarian products had to remain " beloveds less " than those imported on the European market.

For this the imports were subject to custom offices or withdrawals of money that guaranteed a advanced price anzich competitive À regarding the inner products.

Al same time came put in action a system of subsidies to the export in order to render the competitive communitarian products on the world-wide markets.

The solidariet the main instrument financial for the operation and the management of the PAC is financial institution was guaranteed with making of the budget of the Comunit is European.

The States members did not pay devout " their agriculturists directly, but they gave a contribution to their total expenses through the budget.

The fundamental objectives of the PAC are exposed in the institutive Treaty of Rome of the Comunit are economic European.

The treaty it asked the Comunit is of:

• to increase produttivitè of agriculture developing the technical progress, assuring the rational development of the agricultural production like pure a better employment of the factors of the production, in particular of the labor;
• to assure cos a 3 fair standard of living to the rural population thanks, in particular, to the improvement of the individual yield of that they work in agriculture;
• to stabilize the markets;
• to guarantee the emergency of supplyings;
• to assure reasonable prices for the consumers.

The objectives of common agrarian Politics therefore are centralized al same time on the interests of the producers and those of the consumers. It is necessary to hold account however of the fact that the interests of these last ones are sometimes opposite to those of first and therefore such politics pu are not being constructed that on the base of a compromise.

Some important dates of the Pac

The reform of Common Agrarian Politics

The mechanisms puttinges in action from the Comunit are until that moment were only revealed effective in part. There is put to hard tries the community budget burdened above all the continuous one to accumularsi of surplus in the fields of the bovine meats and the latte ones. On the world-wide markets of the cereals the prices continued to come down for effect of the devaluation of the dollar regarding communitarian currencies, provoking an increase of the costs for the subsidies to the export.

The Comunit à moreover lost some traditional markets of export of the own commercial products: the republics of and are Soviet Union for via of inner economic them difficolt à and some regions of the Middle East, because of the Gulf War.

The necessit rose therefore is to slowly launch a new one of reforms that came formalized from the Council in the june of 1992. It represents the devout ones " radical packet of relative normative modifications to European agriculture, from the introduction of the PAC in 1958.

Such reforms have decidedly become indispensable to the aim to let out the Comunit are from the provoked vicious circle from the high prices and one elevated overproduction.

The instruments of which the reform it is taken advantage mainly are represented from some produce-key, for which the price cutting is previewed, and from the land withdrawal from the production. The agriculturists directly will be compensated for the loss of yield that subiranno, on the base of statistics of production and yield, variable in the various regions.

On the depositor of the safeguard of the rural world new PAC continues the lines gi is undertaken in passed through measures in favor of the svantaggiate areas and, devout " in a generalized manner, through structural politics.

Origins of politics in favor of the svantaggiate mountain zones and

The first steps oriented towards one political structural associate have had place to leave from 1972, through the emanation of some directives having for scope the restructure of the agricultural field, by means of aids to the private investments, faces to stimulate the modernization of the companies and the cessation of the attivit à agricultural, nonch is by means of aids to the professional formation

The directive of 1975 n ¡ 268 is specific for agriculture of the svantaggiate mountain zones and ; in such a way, the Comunit is has decided to grant, for before the time, an aid directed to the agriculturists to the aim to hold account of the structural differences and, in particular, to compensate permanent the natural disadvantages.

This perch is the regions that constitute the Comunit à are not homogenous under the profile of the conditions natural (climatic, morphologic, pedologiche, etc.) and socioeconomiche (land structures, agricultural occupation, productive ET à of the agriculturists, models, etc). With the development of politics of price support of market, the use of means of production has been intensified and it has come cos 3 to create a difference between the degree of adaptation of the communitarian structures of production, determining, like is logical, always greater differences between the agricultural yields in favorite the devout zones ù and those of the considered zones svantaggiate.

In a characterized context, to the beginning of years ' 70, from one unfavorable economic conjuncture, caused from the oil crisis and, in lack of one political of rural development, the solution of the Comunit à it is consistita in the creation of a system of aids for the improvement of the yields in structurally ù fragile the devout zones. The scope of these aids was to avoid the abandonment of the attivit à agricultural and, consequently, to conserve the rural population to the aim to safeguard the natural atmosphere.

Which are the svantaggiate areas

The svantaggiate areas can be grouped in three types: mountain zones, zones threatened of spopolamento and zones with specific natural disadvantages.

1. " Mountain zones ": regions in which the, because of altitude are, the attivitè agricultural considerable it is limited from factors like winter rigors of the alpine mountain, aridit à summery of the Mediterranean mountain, pendii and other morphologic and pedologici problems. This situation cause natural, economic and social disadvantages. The attivit à agricultural it is limited and the biological cycles vegetables become short excessive; it is not possible to take advantage of to the maximum means of production in how much determine excessive costs regarding the normal conditions of production. Moreover, social factors as the difficolt à of communication and mobilit à they contribute to isolate the montane rural populations mainly.
   In virt " of directive 75/268, the mountain zones, defined exclusively based on physical parameters of altitude to land slope, are constituted of three types of unit are:
   1. the regions located to a minimal altitude comprised between 600 and 1000 m to leave from which the biological cycles of the productions vegetables abbreviano [ footnote 3 ] ;
   2. the regions where the pendii they exceed in average 20% and where the employment of mechanical equipments are impossible or extremely imply an elevated cost;
   3. the regions in which exist both factors and where the disadvantages derived from the combination of these last ones are advanced to the disadvantages of every separately taken factor.
2. " Svantaggiate zones threatened of spopolamento ", in which À necessary to conserve the natural atmosphere, they are composed of homogenous agricultural territories under the profile of the natural conditions of production, that they must answer to characteristic following:
   1. insufficient productive lands existence [ footnote 4 ] , used above all for the extensive breeding, than seppur improved cannot offer great productive advantages;
   2. insufficient produttivit it is of the natural atmosphere that determines turned out economic [ footnote 5 ] inferiors to the average national;
   3. insufficient densit à or tendency to the demographic regression of one population employee mainly from the attivit à agricultural. In Italy a densit is considered à not advanced to 75 inhabitants for km2 (the average national is of 181) or a annual rate advanced regression to 0.8%, nonch is a minimum of 15% of agricultural assets on the assets totals.
3. " Zones with specific natural disadvantages ": svantaggiate zones are considered areas limited in which the maintenance of the attivit are agricultural are necessary in order to assure the conservation of the natural space, the protection of the atmosphere and the tourist vocation. Currently, the total surface of such zones could not exceed 4% of the surface of one Be member. Specific disadvantages are considered the following factors: adverse idrologico regimen of grounds, excessive salinit à in the coastal zones, grounds of limestone or excessive argillaceous river basins or legislative dispositions in matter of protection of the atmosphere that considerable hinders the attivit à agricultural in some zones, high marine transport costs in some islands.

These svantaggiate zones represent to incirca 52% of the SAU total of the EEC.

Aids to favor of the svantaggiate areas

For zones cos 3 defined, the Comunit is has instituted a regimen of aids to favor of the attivit is agricultural to the aim to compensate the agriculturists of the losses of yield due to permanent natural disadvantages. Three types of aids are applicable:

1. indennit it is compensating that it compensates permanent the natural disadvantages and pu is granted being:

• to the agriculturists who cultivate at least 3 hectares of SAU (2 have in Southern Italy d' Italy) and at least 5 years are engaged to continue the attivit are agricultural in order;
• to the bovine productions, ovine, goat and of equidi (the number of vacche lattifere subsidized pu is not to exceed 20 unit is for company in the svantaggiate zones oriented to the lattiera production);
• to the productions vegetables, the destined ones to the feeding of the animals excluded superficial, to the cultivations of frumento, the intensive cultivations;

2. particular aids

• aids to the individual investments;
• aids to the investments collectives (purchases in common of material for forage production, comprised the magazzinaggio and the distribution and sistemazione of pastures managed in common);

3. abolition (in the mountain zones) or reduction (in the svantaggiate zones) of withdrawal of money of corresponsabilit is lattiero.

No aid is obligatory and the States members can preview somewhat flexible dispositions of application.

The reform of the Structural Bottoms

The structural instruments of the Comunit are

The Comunit is has previewed a series of instruments understandings to less facilitate the structural adaptations of the economic fields or the regions progressed to the potential one of the market.

Two types of structural instruments exist:

• those that come to an agreement of the subsidies;
• those that grant of the loans.

The three great Bottoms constitute the dorsal thorn of structural politics of the Comunit à. Moreover, the political of the peach, the transports, the energy, the atmosphere, the search and the telecommunicationses finance a series of plans and actions in everyone of the three aforesaid fields. In particular, of recent the S.F.O.P has joined to an other bottom . - Instrument financial of guideline for the peach , to support of the restructure of such field.

The advent of the only Market has given a new impulse to the structural political: the States members have been engaged to coordinate the respective economic political in order to achieve the economic and social cohesion.

The reform of the 24 the structural Bottoms has been launched june 1988 when the Council has adopted the general regulations [ footnote 6 ] relative to it.

19 December 1988, the Council has adopted the four regulations [ footnote 7 ] that they coordinate the participations of the structural Bottoms and ne they specify the respective addresses.

The 20 July 1993 the Council of Ministers has adopted six see again regulations that they discipline the structured Bottoms of the Comunit à for period 1994-1999. With a equipment of 141 billions of ECU for this period of six years - and cio it is a third party of the budget total of the Comunit à - the structural Bottoms are the privileged instrument of politics of economic and social cohesion that translate the solidariet à intracomunitaria.

Five priority objectives

The five defined priority objectives in the reform of the structural Bottoms are following:

With reference to the reform of common agrarian politics:

Objectives 1, 2 and 5b cover a regional character specifically; they sfociano in the measures limited to some permissible regions or parts of they, while objectives 3, 4 and 5 to regard the globalit are of the communitarian territory.

Target areas

Objective 1

It is above all attempted to recover the lost land creating solid infrastructures, stimulating the ammmodernamento of means of transport and communication, water and energetic supplying, the search and the development, the professional formation and other servicings to the small enterprises.

Objective 2

The priorit à it is given to the occupation and the improvement of the qualit à of the atmosphere, promuovendo new initiatives, recovering and renewing manufactured lands and, favoring the search and the development, intensifying the contacts between universit à and industry.

Objective 2 that regards the industrial zones in decline, interests:

• some regions of Belgium;
• some regions of Denmark;
• some regions of France;
• some regions of the Germany;
• some regions of the Lussemburgo;
• some regions of the Low Countries;
• some regions of United Kingdom;
• some regions of Spain;
• in Italy the regions that introduce comprensori of this type are: Piemonte, Valley of Aosta, Lombardy, Veneto, Friuli Venice Julia, Liguria, Emilia-Romagna, Tuscany, Marches, Umbria and Lazio.

In Emilia-Romagna some common ones of the provinces of Reggio Emilia and Modena re-enter in objective 2.

They are respective:

Countrywoman, Correggio, I manufacture, part of Common of Reggio Emilia (circoscrizioni 2, 7 and 8), Rio Saliceto, Rolo and San Martino in River; Carpi, Cavezzo and Novi for the province of Modena.

Objective 5b

For the objective 5b the regulations picture preview a general criterion: the low level of economic development. To this they come to aggiungersi three other main criteria, two of which are necessary in order to satisfy to the conditions of ammissibilit is:

• high rate agricultural occupation;
• low level of the agricultural yield;
• lowland densit is of population and/or considerable tendency to the spopolamento.

As other novit is, between the secondary criteria of ammissibilit it is of the objective 5b we find that one of the impact of the restructure of the peach.

This particular attention turned to the rural world (regarding the city or industrial atmosphere) is due to: minor densit à of population, high devout medium ET à ù, cultural context characterized from isolation and dependency from the outside for supplyings, valorization of the productions and the services. If account of these is not kept peculiarit à the risk exists that the realized actions go to advantage of the city development, strengthening cos the 3 disparit à instead of attenuarle. The attraction that the city zones exercise on the enterprises and the persons (in particular the devout ones ù characterized) constitutes the data of departure and the justification of politics of rural development. political detailed list to favor of the rural zones is therefore essential to adopt one that holds account of them diversit à.

From this year the objective 5b regards 8,2% of the communitarian population, left again in some regions of:

Low Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Lussemburgo, Countries, United Kingdom, Spain

In Italy common ones re-enter in this objective some of: Piemonte, Valley of Aosta, Liguria, Lombardy, Trentino Upper Adige; Veneto, Friuli Venice Julia, Emilia Romagna, Tuscany, Umbria, Marches and Lazio.

On the whole the mountain zones are interested, of the alpine and Appennine arc. The Appennine zones of the Emilia Romagna and therefore also those of the Provinces of Parma and Reggio Emilia re-enter to full title in this objective.

The common ones interested are:

for Province of Parma Common of:

Albareto, Bards, Bedonia, Berceto, Bore, Village Val di Taro, Calestano, Complete, Corniglio, Monchio of the Courts, Neviano of the Arduini, Palanzano, Pilgrim Parmesan, Solignano, Terenzo, Tizzano Val Parma, Tornolo, Valmozzola, Varsi.

for Province of Reggio Emilia Common of:

Busana, Carpineti, Castelnovo neither Mounts, Collagna, Ligonchio, Ramiseto, Toano, Vetto, Minozzo Villa.

Procedures of financing

The procedures of financing of the European Comunit à articulate in three phases in the course di.le which the communitarian engagement are strettamento associated to that one of the governments and the regions. The priorit à established from the autorit à regional and local come accurately inserted in a total program destined to last various years. Such program establishes the main objectives and explains in that way finances of the European Comunit à riusciranno to adattarsi to the national provisions.

The accent is placed, above all, on the flexibility and the accuracy of the programming.

Currently the regions which objective 1 is applicable (regions in development delay) are:

• all Greece;
• all the Ireland;
• all the Portugal;
• in Italy: Basilicata, Calabria, Campania, Molise, Puglia, Sardinia and Sicily and the Abruzzi only for a transitory period of three years (from 1 January 1994 to 31 December 1996);
• some regions of Belgium;
• some regions dellla France;
• some regions of the Germany;
• some regions of the Low Countries;
• some regions of United Kingdom;
• some regions of Spain;

Such objective interests 26,6% of the communitarian population until to the end of 1996.

Conclusions

From 1989 the Comunit is specifically contributes to the performance of programs of development revolts to the fragile rural zones of Belgium, Denmark, Germany, France, Spain, Italy, Lussemburgo, Holland and United Kingdom for a reason or purpose of the Objective 5b of the structural Bottoms (also Greece, Ireland and Portugal benefits of programs of rural development, but these are financings for a reason or purpose of Objective 1, that it covers the regions in development delay).

The financed programs for a reason or purpose of the Objective 5b have the particolarit are of mobilitare all and the three deep structural (FEAOG- guideline, European Fund for Regional Development and European Social Fund) in favor of participations not only in the field of agriculture and the forests, but also to favor of the small and averages enterprises, the tourism, the atmosphere and the formation (finalized, this, to the support of the attivit it is agricultural and of attivit it is collaterals). Through this multisector approach sight on one side to help agriculture to adattarsi to the reform of the PAC and from the other, to assure a diversification of the attivit is economic in rural within.

The participation of the structural Bottoms remains the central element of the communitarian action to favor of the regional development, in how much concurs simultaneously of:

• to adopt, to favor of the rural zones, initiatives that ne strengthen the attraction;
• to promote the parit is of opportunit is for these regions financing the additional costs of investments legacies to attivit is economically valid;
• to activate the rural population stimulating " mobilitation plans " that confer a character of specialization to the zone, strengthening its identity and the confidence of its inhabitants;
• to mainly develop to the entrepreneurial formulation and the marketing plans, that they lack generally to numerous operating rural;
• to organize the technical attendance and the exchanges of experiences in favor of all the operating ones interested.
  

Integrated Programs Mediterranean

Regulations 2088 of 1985 of the Council define the PIM ( Integrated Programs Mediterranean ) which communitarian action to favor of the regions more to south of the Community that would have endured negative repercussions from the increase of the EEC to Spain and the Portugal.

Objective of the PIM was that one to improve the associate-economic structures of Greece and the southern regions of France and Italy (Southern Italy - enclosed Lazio -, Liguria, Tuscany, Umbria, Marches, Appennine depositor of the Emilia Romagna and for the acquacoltura the lagoons comprised between Comacchio and Lagoon Marano).

These regions in fact were characterized from structural gaps, which modest development of agriculture, difficult natural conditions, produced that they meet difficolt is on the market, depressed zones extended, unemployment, small and averages fragile enterprises under the technological profile, to industries in crisis, disseminated tourism, but little organized source of associate-economic imbalances, ammistrazioni.

The regulations specified that the PIM were pluriennali programs, of the maximum duration of seven years that regarded in integrated way various fields of the attivit are economic: agroalimentari agriculture, peach, industries, handicraft and industry, services, comprised the tourism.

In the field of the agrarian structures and the rural development, the actions regarded:

• the potenziamento of productions not characterized from surplus, the colturale and varietale diversification of the sensitive productions, the new development species, attivit is forest or of protection of the atmosphere;
• the associate-structural measures in order to improve the yield of the agriculturists to facilitate the takeover of the young people and to imprimere a new guideline to the production structures;
• the increase and the improvement of not alimentary productions;
• the development of attivit is alternatives in rural atmosphere (farm holidays), the valorization of energy sources alternatives, the technical attendance and the search.

In the field of the industry and the services the PIM stimulated:

• the small and averages enterprises and the handicraft (new technologies and sour-alimentary field);
• the sistemazione of industrial zones;
• the promotion of the tourism;
• the support to the search, the strengthening of economic infrastructures and the development of destined commercial services to the enterprises.

In the field of the human resources, the PIM regarded actions of professional formation and stimulus to the labor market.

Some PIM previewed relative measures to the field of peach (es. PIM Acquacoltura)

In Emilia Romagna zone PIM comprised the Appennine depositor [ footnote 8 ] and the low ferrarese, this last one in continuit is with Lagunari territories limitrofi of the Veneto and Friuli-Venice Julia.

The performance of the PIM has had beginning with the company of the contract of program of the PIM Emilia-Romagna the 3 june 1988 to Bologna and of the contract of the PIM Acquacoltura to the 28 Venice July 1988.

The PIM Emilia Romagna is taken part on the collinari zones of the region, is worth to say on one surface of approximately 9,788 km2 correspondent to 44,2% of the total regional surface.

For how much it concerns to the interested population, in zones PIM 527.000 inhabitants lived, par to 13,4% approximately of with of the regional population.

Future perspectives for the svantaggiate areas

With the exhaustion of the Integrated Plans Mediterranean important phase of support from part of the European Union to the rural and svantaggiate areas of our Country is concluded one.

The future perspectives for these zones are currently all centralized on the reform of the Structural Bottoms and in particular on objectives 1 and 5b .

Such reform in fact appears to tuttoggi pressoch is the only reference for the performance of programs that preview the employment of communitarian resources.

In the specific case of the Appennine areas of the region Emilia Romagna the fact to have been included in the objective 5b has represented without doubt an important goal; in this way great part of the zones until the past year interested to the PIM can continue the way of undertaken development have using of of this new instrument for ours realt is.

It deserves finally of being mentioned a particular communitarian initiative to favor of the rural world that represents an ulterior one possibilit is for our comprensorio.

Draft of the program LEADER whom it has as objective that one to support actions promoted from comunit is local operating in the regions of objective 1 and 5b.

It contributes to the realization of integrated plans that they preview: works times to stimulate the rural development, professional formation and incentives to favor of the occupation, rural tourism, small and averages enterprises, handicraft and services, valorization of the agricultural products and silvicoli premises.

An essential aspect of LEADER consists in the creation of a communitarian network that re-unites all the groups of action interested to the program in order to promote the exchange of experiences.

Footnotes

3. varied limit second the States members in base to the number of days without frosted Per the southern countries, as an example, Spain, the minimal limit are of 1,000 m. In Germany instead a region are considered mountain zone beginning from 600 m. For Italy every minimal the medium altitude for Common are of 700 m. to the center-north and 800 m. to the south.

4. of the pastures and the cereals inferior to 80% of the average national. For Italy rendering in not advanced frumento to 16.5 q.li/ha, while the average national is of 25q.li/ha, or presence, on devout ù of 50% of the SAU, of surface to foraggere assimilable to uncultivated productive with inferior hay rendering to 20 q.li/ha.

5. in base to the product clearly of the company. to the leading yield of and the family, to the yield from job, etc. Italy considers the densit is animal inferior mantenibile to 0.65 UBA for foraggero hectare (medium national: 0.98).

6. (the EEC) n.2052/88 of the 24.06.88 - GU L 185.

7. from n.4252 to 4256/88 - GU L 374.

8. in base to the marking out of which to the law n.984/77 coinciding with the altimetrica line of 100 m. on the sea level.

AREAS SVANTAGGIATE: LEGISLAZION AND ITALIAN

The present review of laws considers only the main stages of Italian politics to favor of the territories of mountain and the svantaggiate areas. It goes moreover marked that in such field, cos 3 like for agriculture in a generalized manner, famous an always greater one priorit are of the communitarian participations, regarding those national ones.